The Immune system is made up of cells that are sensitive to a variety of environmental factors and form an integrated network. A significant increase in the number of studies published in the last decade demonstrated that diet components released from adipocytes and metabolic pathways influenced the immune system and significantly contributed to human health. Nutrition has a significant impact on T-cells. In cases of severe malnutrition, there is a decrease in glucose uptake and metabolism, cytokine synthesis, T-cell proliferation and survival, as well as a decrease in circulating leptin levels. It has also been demonstrated that leptin is an important link between nutrition and immunity. Furthermore, the effects of diet components on epigenetic mechanisms were discovered to be critical in the regulation of Immunity-related genes. The microbiota has also been shown to play an important role in the development and maintenance of human immunity. In addition to providing adequate energy and protein requirements for the immune system, specific nutrients (omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, trace elements, flavonoids, and so on) are also important. Because they must also fight local or systemic inflammation by boosting mucosal, cellular, and humoral immunity. Neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, basophils, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells comprise the natural immune system (NK). As an inflammatory response to infection and inflammation, the complement system is activated, and Numerous cytokines are secreted. Immunity is made up of highly integrated cells that are vulnerable to environmental factors. The lymphoid system is widely distributed in the gut, and these cells are particularly sensitive to metabolites induced by nutrients and microbiota products, which also modulate cell activation and function. Approximately 70% of immune system cells and over 90% of Ig producing cells in the human body are found in the intestines 2.5 × 1010 lymphoid cells are seen in bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes while 8.5 × 1010 Ig producing cells were described in the gut-related lymphoid tissue. For these reason gut is the largest immune organ where nutrients have the first contact with immune cell receptors and their effects occurred on the immune system. Nutritional immunology was identified for the first time in the early 19th century by the identification of an atrophy of the thymus in a malnourished patient. Progressive developments in molecular studies in the field of nutritional immunity or Immunonutritional discipline have been observed during the last decade. There are 2.5 1010 lymphoid cells in bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes, and 8.5 1010 Ig producing cells in gut-related lymphoid tissue. As a result, the gut is the largest immune organ, where nutrients come into contact with immune cell receptors and their effects on the immune system. The identification of thymus atrophy in a malnourished patient in the early nineteenth century led to the discovery of nutritional immunology. Over the last decade, there has been a steady advancement in molecular studies in the field of nutritional immunity or immunonutritional discipline.

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